TUMOR MARKERS – are substances found in blood , urine , body tissues found in antigens , hormones enzymes . Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer
- elevated tumor markers gives us a sign of spread of cancer
- Tumor markers screening in healthy populations too help prevent risk of cancer .
- Monitoring patients with cancer .
Carcinoembryogenic antigen – CEA , Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly related glycoproteins . CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Therefore CEA is usually present only at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults. However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers.
NORMAL RANGE OF CEA - <2.5 ng/ml in and adult non smoker ,< 5.0 ng/ml in smoker .
CARCINOEMBRYOGENIC ANTIGEN WAS FIRST IDENTIFIED IN COLONIC CANCER .
ELEVATED CEA LEVEL IS SEEN IN COLONIC CANCER , PANCREATIC CANCER ,GASTRIC CANCER , LUNG CANCER , BREAST CANCER could be metastasis
ELEVATED CARCINOEMBRYOGENIC LEVELS IS ALSO SEEN IN DISEASES SUCH AS CIRRHOSIS,INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE , CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE , PANCREATITIS .
ALFAFETOPROTEIN – AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal form of serum albumin. Plasma levels decrease rapidly after birth but begin decreasing prenatally starting at the end of the first trimester.
Alfa fetoprotein level is elevated in hepatobilliary carcinoma , frequently elevated in lung cancer , acute viral infections ,drug induced hepatitis , testicular germ cell tumour .
Normally elevated alfa fetoprotein is also seen in normal pregnancy
A significant number of patients with BENIGN LIVER DISEASES LIKE cirrhosis AND hepatitis will have an elevated AFP level
CA-242 – TUMOUR MARKER IS ELEVATED IN CANCER OF THE PANCREAS AND NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
CA 125 IS RAISED IN GYNAECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS SUCH AS ENDOMETRIOSIS ,RAISEDDURING PREGNANCY AND IN CASE OF OVARIAN CANCER .
CA 72 – 4 IS RAISED IN MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT – IN CANCER OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT , HELPS IN DAIGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL ADENOCARCINOMA .
CA 50 is not organ-specific and its elevated levels in serum can be observed in a variety of malignancies, especially gastrointestinal cancers.
CA 27-29 ELEVATED IN BREAST CANCER , LUNG CANCER , OVARIAN CANCER ,AND PANCREAS .
CA – 19-9 – ELEVATED IN GASTRIC CANCER , PANCREATIC CANCER , STOMACH ,BILE DUCT CANCER ,LIVER CANCER .
CA – 153 – ELEVATED IN BREAST CANCER , TO KNOW THE ADVANCEMENT , TO MONITOR TREATMENT AND RECURRANCE , ALSO ELEVATED IN OVARIAN CANCER , LUNG CANCER , COLON CANCER , BILE DUCT CARCINOMA
Squamous-cell carcinoma or squamous cell cancer is a cancer of a kind of epithelial cell, the squamous cell. These cells are the main part of the epidermis of the skin, and this cancer is one of the major forms of skin cancer. However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body, and SCC occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissues, including the lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, lung, vagina, and cervix, among others .
The pathological appearance of a squamous cell cancer varies with the depth of the biopsy. For that reason, a biopsy including the subcutaneous tissue and basalar epithelium, to the surface is necessary for correct diagnosis. The performance of a shave biopsy (see skin biopsy) might not acquire enough information for a diagnosis.
Ninety percent of cases of head and neck cancer (cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and associated structures) are due to squamous cell carcinoma.
Ailments from after surgery , operation , constitution at times changes after surgery .